Identity, Spirit and Freedom in the Atlantic World by Robert Hanserd

Author:Robert Hanserd [Hanserd, Robert]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781138104099
Google: gOE_tAEACAAJ
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2019-01-15T03:41:05+00:00

Notes

1“An Act for the better order and Government of Slaves 1696”, Acts of Assembly, Beckles, “Caribbean Anti-slavery” 1–19, here 16, Zips, Nanny’s Asafo Warriors 57, Rømer, A Reliable Account 8, Stewart, Three Eyes 7, 10, Mudimbe, The Invention of Africa 179.

2Thompson, Flash of the Spirit, Dibia and myala are significant to understandings of obeah in Jamaica. For Dibia (diviner and healer) among Ngawa-Igbo in southeastern Nigeria, see Handler, “Obeah: Healing and Protection”, 153–183. Myal from the Kikongo myala, meaning “one who rules” and mwela or breathing power “cosmic living energy”, see Stewart, Three Eyes 44, 49–50. Beckles, “Caribbean Anti-Slavery” 14, Not until 1776 however, did imports from other parts of Africa-Igbos from the Bight of Biafra region Kikongo and other West Central Africans-outnumber those from the Gold Coast (see Table 1), see also Goucher, “African Metallurgy” in Falola, Archaeology of Atlantic Africa 282.

3“26 September 1655 Orders of the Council of State”, “30 April 1656”, “27 May 1660 Cornelius Burough to Commissioners of the Admiralty”, Davies, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series hereafter CSPCWA. Long applied the term Maroon’ to these groups of slaves who chose their own leader and hunted wild pig or ‘Marrano’ hog, Long, The History of Jamaica 445, 330, Edwards, British West Indies 337–341, Craton, Testing the Chains 70. Kopytoff noted plausibility of a common African language between Spanish and English Maroons, see. Kopytoff, “Political Development” 287–307, here 292.

4Database shows imports to Jamaica from all African embarkation points 1660–1830, Gold Coast and Bight of Biafra show highest numbers of imports during the eighteenth century, Source: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Estimates, accessed 13 January 2011.

5Carmantee in its variable forms are noted throughout this research. Agorsah excavations documented Fante and other regional Akan and non-Akan affinities conjoined at Kormantse, intersecting “ethnicity, art … artistic expression, stereotypical behavior and other forms of cultural identity.” While these variations were general and attributable to both imposed and adapted identities, pre-colonial and interior elements of Akan culture where memorialized in the designator, Butler, “Historic Kormantse” 2–4. See also Long, The History of Jamaica 427, 472–473, Dallas, Maroons 98, Koptoff, “Political Development” 292–293.

6“8 January 1673, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica”, Vol. 7, CSPCWA, the Slave Trade Database does not identify origin of over 2,400 African imports to Jamaica from 1666–1671, see www.slavevoyages.org/voyages/kobYPXu1

7“31 July,1,10, 24, 29 August, Minutes of a Council of War”, “19 September, 5 November 1685, 8 April 1686, 31 August 1690, Minutes of Council of Jamaica”, Vol. 11–13, CSPCWA. Craton, Testing Chains 76, 77, Long, The History of Jamaica 446, Dallas, Maroons 26–27, Kopyoff, “Political Development” 293 citing James Knight’s 1744 account.

8Amalgam of three oral accounts collected by Richard Hart, Bilby, John Crawford, 1958, Hardie Stanford, 1982, Colonel C.L.G. Harris, 1991, see Bilby, True-Born Maroons 146–147, 143 “An Act to Prevent the Making, Throwing, or Firing off … Rockets, or other Fireworks 1733”, Acts of Assembly 195.

9“Nanny come from de golden river on the Gold Coast … above Anabo hill …” and “Captain Kojo” is affiliated to the region by language and family descent.

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